face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 598, VEWT 261, Ëåêñèêà 94, ÝÑÒß 6, 196-197, 203. The root is also attested in verbal function (*Kydy- 'to border, hem'), see ÝÑÒß 6, 196.
face="Times New Roman Star"ko"mu"ldu"ru"k (Pav. C.)
face="Times New Roman Star"go"mu"ldu"ru"k
face="Times New Roman Star"ho"mu"ndu"ru"k
face="Times New Roman Star"ko"mo"ldu"ru"k
face="Times New Roman Star"ku"m@ld@r@k
face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 289, EDT 723, ÝÑÒß 3, 71-72, Ëåêñèêà 552-553. Turk. > Mong. ko"mu"ldu"rge (Ùåðáàê 1977, 128). Forms like Uygh. o"mu"ldu"ru"k, Bashk. u"melderek (see ÝÑÒß 1, 530, Ëåêñèêà 553) may be derived from the same stem, under an influence of *o"mgen 'upper part of breast' q. v. sub *emo; a separate etymology see, however, under *p`o\me.
face="Times New Roman Star"1 isolated mountain 2 mountain top, mountain ridge 3 steppe, desert, level ground 4 edge
face="Times New Roman Star"1 îòäåëüíî ñòîÿùàÿ ãîðà 2 âåðøèíà ãîðû, ãðåáåíü ãîðû, âîçâûøåííîñòü 3 ñòåïü, ïóñòûíÿ, ðàâíèíà 4 êðàé
face="Times New Roman Star"qyr 1 (MK, KB), 'rising ground' (IM,14 c.)
face="Times New Roman Star"kyr 3
face="Times New Roman Star"qyr 3, 4
face="Times New Roman Star"qyr (Sangl.), qir (Pav. C.) 2, 3
face="Times New Roman Star"qir 2, 3, 4
face="Times New Roman Star"qir 3, 4
face="Times New Roman Star"Gyr 3
face="Times New Roman Star"xyr 2, 'roof'
face="Times New Roman Star"qyr
face="Times New Roman Star"qyr 2, 3, 4
face="Times New Roman Star"xir 3
face="Times New Roman Star"kyrtas 2; kyrdal 'hill'
face="Times New Roman Star"kyrdal 'hill'
face="Times New Roman Star"qyr 2, 3
face="Times New Roman Star"qyr 2, 4
face="Times New Roman Star"qyr 3
face="Times New Roman Star"qyr 3, 4
face="Times New Roman Star"qyr 3
face="Times New Roman Star"qyr 3
face="Times New Roman Star"qyr 3
face="Times New Roman Star"qyr 2, 4
face="Times New Roman Star"qyr 3
face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 641, VEWT 265, Ëåêñèêà 95-96, ÝÑÒß 6, 225, Stachowski 169. Derived is PT *Kyran 'edge, ridge' (ÝÑÒß 6, 226); but note that modern forms like Turkm. Gyra, Tuva qyra etc. are borrowed < Mong. kira.
face="Times New Roman Star"1 punishment, fine, guilt 2 to punish 3 cruelty, tyranny 4 to condemn 5 hard, difficult 6 to torture 7 insult, offence 8 to offend 9 harm, torture 10 sin 11 to annoy, anger 12 to beat
face="Times New Roman Star"qy:n 5, qy:na- 'to make difficult, torture'
face="Times New Roman Star"xyjyx 7, xyjal 9
face="Times New Roman Star"qyjal 9, 10, qyjyq-ta- 8, qyjnag| 9 (*qyn/-lag|)
face="Times New Roman Star"qyjyn, qyjna- 6, qyjal 10, dial. (Áàñê. Òóáà) qyj- 6
face="Times New Roman Star"x@n 1
face="Times New Roman Star"ky:nn/a:-, kyjaxa:- 11, kyj- 'to pain, ache'
face="Times New Roman Star"kyjn|a- 11, kyj- 'to kill'
face="Times New Roman Star"xyjna- 6
face="Times New Roman Star"qyjyn 1, qyjyt- 'to make difficult, troublesome', qyjna- 6
face="Times New Roman Star"qyjyn 1, qyjna- 6, qynz?-yl- 'to be distressed'
face="Times New Roman Star"qyjyn 1, qyjna- 6
face="Times New Roman Star"qyjyn 1, qyjna- 12
face="Times New Roman Star"qyjyn 1, qyjna- 12
face="Times New Roman Star"qyjyn, qejin 1, qyjna- 6
face="Times New Roman Star"qyjyn 1, qyjna- 6
face="Times New Roman Star"qyjyn 1, qyjna- 6
face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 264. EDT 631, ÝÑÒß 6, 218-219, Stachowski 168. Turk. *Ky:jna- > MMong. qina- 'to torture' (Ùåðáàê 1997, 165). Nasalless forms (like Yak. kyjaxa:- etc.) may result from a reanalysis of the form *Ky:jn as *Kyjyn, interpreted as a deverbative noun. Turk. > Hung. ki/n 'torture, suffering' (Gombocz 1912).
face="Times New Roman Star"qat (Houts., AH, IM, MA)
face="Times New Roman Star"qo|t, dial. qe|t
face="Times New Roman Star"qat
face="Times New Roman Star"Gat
face="Times New Roman Star"Gat
face="Times New Roman Star"xat
face="Times New Roman Star"qat
face="Times New Roman Star"xut
face="Times New Roman Star"xat 'double, X times'
face="Times New Roman Star"kat 'X times'
face="Times New Roman Star"qa't
face="Times New Roman Star"qat
face="Times New Roman Star"qat
face="Times New Roman Star"qat
face="Times New Roman Star"qat
face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 241, ÝÑÒß 5, 335-336, TMN 3, 419, Stachowski 140, Àøì. XVI, 250-255, Ôåäîòîâ 2, 371-372. The original meaning must have been "one of two layers" - as witnessed by the Yak. meaning and by external evidence.
face="Times New Roman Star"VEWT 242, ÝÑÒß 5, 339-340, TMN 3, No 1395. The Turkic form may well be borrowed < Iran., cf. Saka khad.ara- 'mule'. Here -d.- points to *rd, cf. Sogd. g|rtr'k < *xarataraka 'mule' (for a quite similar compound cf. Pers. astar 'mule' < *assa-tara 'horse from one side' (Bailey 70). Doerfer is concerned about lack of length in Turkic, but length is likewise lacking in Saka and other Iranian forms. The only phonetic difficulty is the Turkic reflex -t-, because Saka d. in the Saka-Uygh. glossary (14th c.) renders Turkic -r-. In one obvious Saka loan the Saka -d.- is indeed rendered as -r-: cu:d.a:m. 'stadium' (Av. c?ar@tu-) > OT (Hap. by MK) c?ura:m 'a shot with a light far-flying arrow. However, if 'mule' is borrowed, it is hardly a Xinjiang loanword but rather a Common Turkic, and perhaps from another Iranian language (Sogdian?).
face="Times New Roman Star"very, of course, emphatic adverb
face="Times New Roman Star"î÷åíü, óñèëèòåëüíîå íàðå÷èå
face="Times New Roman Star"idi (Orkh., OUygh.)
face="Times New Roman Star"id|i (KB); id|rig 'anything hard' (MK - Argu)
face="Times New Roman Star"eje
face="Times New Roman Star"@ze
face="Times New Roman Star"eze
face="Times New Roman Star"ara
face="Times New Roman Star"iti
face="Times New Roman Star"ide
face="Times New Roman Star"iji
face="Times New Roman Star"ije
face="Times New Roman Star"eje
face="Times New Roman Star"EDT 41, 65, ÝÑÒß 1, 335. Tat., Chuv. ije 'yes', erroneously related here in ÝÑÒß, have different connections, cf. Khak. ja 'yes', Tof. ijen, ijne, MTurk. Xwar., Kypch., Osm. inen|, inen (EDT 42); the Kypchak forms above, because of the merger of *-d- and *-j-, can have either origin.
